Total Quality Management Information Technology Essay

Total Quality Management Information Technology Essay Indeed to focusing for why use six sigma. There are many great benefits of using six sigma in any business, but only we can truly determine wither it is right for our or not. The answer, it is a fact-based data driven statistical analysis of how business operates and where improvements can be made if executed properly. (Assistant, 2009) Thomas Pyzdek in his six sigma handbook mentioned a real story that began when Japanese firm took over a Motorola factory that manufactured Quasar television sets in USA in the 1970s, they promptly set about making drastic changes in the way the factory operated. Under Japanese management, the factory was soon producing TV sets with 1/20th as many defects as they had produced under Motorolas management. They did this using the same workforce, technology, and designs and did it while lowering costs, making it clear that the problem was Motorolas management. It took a while but, eventually, even Motorolas own executives finally admitted (Pyzdek, page 04, 2003) For more, Six Sigma is a tool to improve the effectiveness and quality of the process outputs in order to deliver customer satisfaction by recognizing and eliminating the causes of defects and drive down the inefficiency by minimizing variability in business processes. The six-sigma level reflects a process in which 99.99966% of the process is free of defects, in other words, no more than four dissatisfied customer experiences in every one million opportunities. Compared to a one-sigma process in which only 31% is free of defects, with the meaning of hundreds of thousands of dissatisfied customer experiences in every one million opportunities. As an example, one misspelled word in a library is considered six sigma, where as having one misspelled words in a cyclopedia is considered a five sigma, and 2 misspelled words in each page of a book is considered a 3 sigma. As you can see the main reason is to increase profitability with improve customer value and increase the business efficiency. Works Cited Assistant, b. S. (2009, 9 18). Retrieved 11 16, 2010, from Six Sigma Online: http://www.sixsigmaonline.org/six-sigma-training-certification-information/articles/six-sigma-trainingwhy-use-it.html Montgomery, D. C. (2005). Introduction to Statistical Quality Control. Wiley. Pearson, J. M. (2003, January 1). Manage your customers perception of quality. Pyzdek, T. (2003). The Six Sigma Handbook. Mc Graw- Hill trade. Evaluate the concept of Total Quality management from the perspective of various organizations. Discuss the tools and techniques of Total Quality Management for service organization in detail Total Quality Management (TQM) it is the enhancement to the traditional way of doing business. It is a proven technique to guarantee survival in world class competition. Only by changing the actions of management will the culture and actions of an entire organization be transformed. Total Made up of the whole Quality Degree of excellence o product or service. Management Act, art, or manner of handling, controlling, directing etc. TMQ is the art of managing the whole to achieve excellence. It is the set of guiding principles that represent the foundation of a continuously improving organization and application of qualitative methods and human resources to improve all the processes within organization and exceeds needs now and in the future. Its integrated fundamental management techniques, existing improvement efforts, and technical tools under a disciplined approach. Total quality management has six basic concepts: Management must participate in the quality program. A quality council must be established to develop a clear vision, set long-term goals, and direct the program. Quality goals are included in the business plan. An annual quality improvement program is established and involves input from the entire work force. Managers Focus on the customer. An excellent place to start is by satisfying internal customers. We must listen to the voice of the customer and emphasize design quality and defect prevention. All personnel must be trained in TQM, statistical process control, and other appropriate quality improvement skills, so they can effectively participate on project teams. Including internal customers and, for the matter, internal supplier on project team is an excellent approach. Those affected by the plan must be involved in its development and implementation. Changing behavior is the goal. People must come to work not only to do their jobs, but also to think about how to improve their jobs, people must be empowered at the lowest possible level to perform processes in an optimum level. There must be a continual striving to improve all business and production process. Quality improvement projects, such as on-time delivery, order entry efficiency, billing error rate, customer satisfaction, cycle time, scrap reduction, and supplier management are good places to begin. Technical techniques such as statistical process control, benchmarking, quality function development, ISO 9000, and designed experiments are excellent for problem solving. Works Cited Montgomery, D. C. (2005). Introduction to Statistical Quality Control. Wiley. Pearson, J. M. (2003, January 1). Manage your customers perception of quality. Pyzdek, T. (2003). The Six Sigma Handbook. Mc Graw- Hill trade. What is ISO 9000 standers? ISO 9000 standards are principles that the International Organization for Standardization or ISO, maintains. According to ISO9000Council, businesses that follow the standards successfully have an ISO 9000 QMT (quality management system). Function: The article We Need More Standards Like ISO 9000 describes ISO 9000 as a group of standards that companies implement to enhance performance in real life scenarios. Although many industries use ISO 9000 now, the standards were originally created for businesses that manufacture or design products. Features: ISO states the individual ISO 9000 standards outline practices needed to establish and maintain quality management. Covered issues include continual improvement, costs and benefits, leadership, quality assurance, quality system principles and risks. History: We Need More Standards like ISO 9000 reports that ISO 9000 originated from the British Standards Institute Technical Committees attempts to produce generic guidelines for quality manufacturing in 1979. ISO formalized the principles in 1987 by publishing ISO 9000, which is currently the organizations most implemented standard. Benefits: ISO 9000 helps companies determine exactly how to achieve quality in various areas, and enhance sales and relationships with consumers when they obtain ISO certification. Considerations: ISO 9000 Council states participating companies must create detailed ISO 9000 documentation explaining how the company applies the standards within the organization. Works Cited American Society for Quality: ISO 9000 and Other Standards Association for Computing Machinery: We Need More Standards Like ISO 9000 International Organization for Standardization: ISO 9000 Essentials ISO9000Council What are the seven basic quality tools? Stem-and-leaf plot or histogram: is the most commonly used graph to show frequency distributions. It looks very much like a bar chart, but there are important differences between them. Check sheet: is a structured, prepared from for collecting and analyzing data, so it will be used when data can be observed and collected repeatedly by the same person or at the same location. In this method decision should be taken what event or problem should be observed then operational definitions should be developed, and at what time data should be collected and for how long should be decided. Finally designing the form will be done. Set it up so that data can be recorded simply by making check marks. Pareto chart: is a bar graph. The lengths for the bars represent frequency or cost (time or money), and arranged with longest bars on the left and the shortest to the right. Cause-and-effect diagram: is a formal tool frequently useful in unlayering potential problem cases. It can be used to structure a brainstorming session. It immediately sorts ideas into useful categories. It can be used when identifying possible causes for a problem and also when a teams thinking tends to fall into ruts. Defect concentration diagram: is a picture of the unit, showing all relevant views. Then the various types of defects are down on the picture, and the diagram is analyzed to determine whether the location of the defects on the unit conveys any useful information about the potential causes of the defects. Scatter diagram: is a useful plot for identifying a potential relationship between two variables. If the variables are controlled, the points will fall along a line or curve. The better the correlation, the tighter the points will hug the line. Control chart: is a graph used to study how a process changes over time. Data are plotted in time order. A control chart always has a central line for the average, an upper line for the upper control limit and a lower line for the lower control limit. These lines are determined from historical data. By comparing current data to these lines, you can draw conclusions about whether the process variation is consistent (in control) or is unpredictable (out of control, affected by special causes of variation). Works Cited Montgomery, D. C. (2005). Introduction to Statistical Quality Control. Wiley. Pyzdek, T. (2003). The Six Sigma Handbook. Mc Graw- Hill trade. Explain the position of leadership in Total Quality Management. Discuss the characteristics of an effective leader regarding ensuring the quality of daily-use products in the current economic circumstances. The definition of the Leadership that who instills purposes, not one who controls by brute force. A leader strengthens and inspires the followers to accomplish shared goals. Leaders shape the organizations values, promote the organizations vales. An organizations senior leaders should set directions and create a customer focus, clear and visible values, and high expectations. The directions, values, and expectations should balance the needs of all your stakeholders. Leaders should ensure the creations of strategies, systems and methods for achieving excellence, stimulating innovation and building knowledge and capabilities. The values and strategies should help guide all activities and knowledge and capabilities. The values and strategies should help guide all activities and decisions of your organization. Senior leaders should inspire and motivate your entire workforce and should encourage all employees to contribute, to develop and learn to be innovative and to be creative. These are the following Characteristics of Quality Leaders They give priority attention to external and internal customers and their needs. Leaders place themselves in the customers choose and service their needs from that perspective. They continually evaluate the customers changing requirements. Leaders empower rather than control, subordinate they have the trust and confidence in the performance of their subordinates. They provide the resources, training and work environment to help subordinates to do their jobs. However the decision to accept responsibility lies within individual. They emphasize improvement rather than maintenance they use the phrase If it isnt perfect, improve it rather than If it isnt broke, dont fix it. There is always room for improvement, even if the improvement is small. Major breakthrough sometimes happen but its the little ones that keep the continuous process improvement on a positive track. They emphasize prevention. An ounce of prevention is a worth a pound of cure is certainly true. It is also true that perfection can be the enemy of creativity. We cant always wait until we have created the perfect process or product. There must be balance between preventing problems and developing better, but not perfect process. They encourage collaboration rather than competition. When functional areas, departments, or works groups are in competition, they may find suitable ways of working against each other or withholding information. Instead, there must be collaboration among and within units. They train and coach, rather than direct and supervise. Leaders know that the development of the human resource is a necessary. As coaches, they help their subordinates learn to do better job. They learn from problems. When a problem exists it is treated as an opportunity rather than something to be minimized or covered up. what caused it? and how can we prevent it in the future? are the questions quality leaders ask. They continually try to improve communication. Leaders continually disseminate information about the TQM efforts. They continually demonstrate their commitment to quality. They choose suppliers on the basis of quality, not price. Works Cited Assistant, b. S. (2009, 9 18). Retrieved 11 16, 2010, from Six Sigma Online: http://www.sixsigmaonline.org/six-sigma-training-certification-information/articles/six-sigma-trainingwhy-use-it.html Montgomery, D. C. (2005). Introduction to Statistical Quality Control. Wiley. Pyzdek, T. (2003). The Six Sigma Handbook. Mc Graw- Hill trade. Explain the customers perception regarding quality. Discuss the measures to be taken by a manufacturing organization to handle customer complaints to provide feedback for continuous process improvement. The basic concept of the TQM attitude is continuous process of improvement. This concept implies that there is no acceptable quality level because the customers needs values and expectation are constantly changing and becoming more demanding. By the way, customers have following perception regarding quality; Performance, Features, Service, Warranty, Price, and Reputation. The first of all is the performance, its involved fitness for use a phrase that indicates that the product and service is ready for the customers use at the time if sale. Other considerations are: Availability which is the probability that a product will operate when needed. Reliability is freedom from failure over time. Maintainability is the ease in keeping and operating product. The second is the features, identifiable features or attributes of a product or service are psychological time oriented contractual ethical and technological. Features are secondary characteristics of the product or service. For example the primary function of an automobile is transportation whereas a car stereo system is a feature of an automobile. The third is the service, an emphasis on customer service is emerging as a method for organizations to give the customer added value. However, customer service is an intangible-it is made up of many small things. All geared to changing the customers perception. Intangible characteristics are those traits that are not quantifiable, yet contribute greatly to customer satisfaction, providing excellent customers service is different from the more difficult to achieve than excellent product quality. Organizations that emphasize service never stop looking for and finding ways to serve their customers better, even if their customers are not complaining. The forth is the warranty, the product represents an organizations public promise of a quality product backed up by a guarantee of customer satisfactions. A warranty forces the organization has to focus on the characteristics of product and service quality and the importance the customer attaches to each of those characteristics. The sixth is the price, customers are willing to pay higher price to obtain value. Costumers are constantly evaluating one organizations products and services against those of its competitors to determine who provides the greatest value. The seventh is the reputation, most of us find ourselves rating organizations by our overall experience with them. Total customer satisfaction is based on the entire experience with the organization not just the product. Good experiences are repeated to six people and bad experiences are repeated to 15 people therefore it is more difficult to create a favorable reputation. (Pearson, 2003) Works Cited Montgomery, D. C. (2005). Introduction to Statistical Quality Control. Wiley. Pearson, J. M. (2003 , January 1). Manage your customers perception of quality. Suppose a product manager is trying to establish regulations concerning the maximum number of boxes that can occupy a forklift. It is given that the total weight of 8 boxes chosen at random follows a normal distribution with a mean of 820 kg and a standard deviation of 140 kg. What is the probability that the total weight of 8 boxes exceeds 880 kg? Look at z score table for probability is 0.66640 The data shown here are and R values for 24 samples of size n=5 taken from a process producing bearings. The measurements are made on the inside diameter of the bearing, with only the last three decimals recorded (i.e., 34.5 should be 0.50345) (5-1. Page248) Set up and R charts on this process seem to be in statistical control? If necessary, revise the trial control limits. If specifications on this diameter are 0.5030 Â ± 0.0010, find the percentage of nonconforming bearings produced by this process. Assume that diameter is normally distributed. From Table VI at n=5 , , Chart: The process is not in statistical control; x bar chart is beyond the UCL for both No. 12 and 15. Assuming an assignable cause is found for these two out-of-control points, the two samples can be excluded from the control limit calculations. R Chart Works Cited Montgomery, D. C. (2005). Introduction to Statistical Quality Control. Wiley.(pg.248) What is Kanban system? And what are the different types of Kanban system? The system that is used to achieve Just-in-Time (JIT) production is called Kanban system (Richards). This system is based on the part of pulling just the right amount of components or materials needed at the right time. It depends on the part of the customer demand which in turn acts as a reactive process from the supplier. As the word Kanban in Japanese means visible record or visible part, the mechanism used is a Kanban card which acts as a means of signal to replenish the materials or inventory repetitively within the organization (Bali, 2003). The Principle of the Kanban is to follow the pull system where until the customer sends the signal for the demand, the product will not be produced. Two main types of Kanban cards widely used are: Withdrawal (Conveyance) Kanban: This system enables to pass on the authorization to move the materials from stage to the other. It creates a cycle by moving the parts from stage to the next and keeps the remaining until the last one is consumed and this withdrawal Kanban goes back again to get the parts. The withdrawal card is specified with details such as material number, name, size, name or location of the next process and number of the materials needed. Production-ordering Kanban The Production Kanban is used to provide an order to the previous stage indicating to produce the kind and number of parts required. The production-ordering Kanban is often called an in-process Kanban or simply a production Kanban (Richards). The following information is necessary on the production Kanban card such as what materials are required, parts required and the information on the withdrawal card. The withdrawal card does not have this information as it is used only as a mean of communication between stages (Kanban Systems,). Some of the other cards are: Supplier Kanban/Subcontractor Kanban: When parts are needed by the assembly line, this Kanban is used to indicate orders given to outside suppliers (Just-in-Time/Kanban,). Here the parts required are in assembled form. Emergency Kanban: If any occurrence of defective work, then this Kanban card is temporarily inserted to correct it in case of demand. It is used only for extraordinary purposes and is later collected after usage. Through Kanban: When adjacent work centers are close to each other this Kanban is used as it combines both the withdrawal and production into one. Works Cited Bali, B. (2003). Kanban systems the Sterling Engine Manufacturing Cell. Baudin, M. (2001). Whats Unique about Kanban system? . What is the acceptance sampling problem, and what is advantages and disadvantages of sampling? According to chapter one in textbook acceptance sampling is concerned with inspection and decision making regarding products, one of the oldest aspects of quality assurance. Advantage of Acceptance Sampling: Less Expensive because of less inspection. Less handling of product hence that reduced damage. Applicable to destructive testing. Fewer personnel are involved in inspection activities. Greatly reduces the amount of inspection error. The rejection of entire lots as opposed to the simple return of defectives often provides a stronger motivation to the supplier for quality improvements. Disadvantage of Acceptance Sampling: Risks are there accepting bad lots and rejecting Good lots. Less information is usually generated about the product or about the process that manufactured the product. Requires the planning and documentation of the procedure in which 100% of inspection cannot be done.

How important is the setting in R L Stevenson’s portrayal of a double life in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Essay

The strange case of ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ was written in 1886 by Robert Lewis Stevenson. Robert Lewis Stevenson was born and brought up in Edinburgh in the 1850’s. He was part of a middle class family, his parents were strict Christians and it was very important to them that Stevenson behaved respectfully. When Stevenson was a child, Stevenson’s nanny frightened him with stories of hell and suffering which may have contributed to his ideas in the novel. When he was a young man in Edinburgh he may have used a false name or a hidden identity in order to indulge himself in forbidden activities or he may have fantasized about them, like crime, affairs and homosexuality. In Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Stevenson uses his experiences to describe the unpleasant side of life. The novel is about how Dr Jekyll leads a double life and its devastating consequences. The book reflects Victorian concerns about city life such as crime and poverty. The novel is set in the city of London and is significant in the novel because in general most gothic novels at that time were set far away or in unfamiliar surroundings, yet Stevenson sets the novel in London which shocked readers because it was a place they all knew which made them think that the themes discussed in the novel could be happening near them. This makes it more frightening to the reader and therefore made it a more popular novel. In the novel Stevenson describes London as ‘labyrinths of lamp lighted city’. This suggests that the city makes it possible for people to easily lose themselves in London. We see this in the novel when Stevenson says ‘he was often absent; for instance, it was nearly two months since she had seen him till yesterday’ (the day of the murder). This tells us that Hyde was often absent and it relates back to people losing themselves in the city. Another important aspect of the setting is the weather, which for most of the novel is described as ‘fogged city moon’ This creates an atmosphere of mystery and unknown and it also suggests that something might be about to happen. The chapter which describes the Carew murder case is an important event in the novel because the murder forces Mr Utterson to investigate and piece together the link between his friend Dr. Jekyll and the murderer Mr Hyde. The reader learns, however, that they are the same person. Stevenson sets the murder scene in a lane which the maid’s window overlooked and interestingly chooses the murder to be ‘brilliantly lit by the full moon’. He does this in order to display every detail of the murder and to show the viciousness of the attack. For example the murder is described as ‘a storm of blows, under which the bones were audibly shattered’. This tells us how brutal and violent the murder was by the maid being able to hear the victim’s bones being broken. It also gives the reader the full affect of the damage that had been done. The murder is particularly shocking because it enables the maid to describe the murder so well as a result of the murder scene being so brilliantly lit by the moon. The characters’ houses in the novel also suggest something about them, Dr Jekyll’s house, for example, is described as having ‘a great air of wealth and comfort’. Hyde’s rooms are described as ‘well furnished’, but they’re located in Soho which is a seedy area full of unrespectable people. The themes in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, for example crime and concealing forbidden activities touched on issues Victorians were concerned with because it was set in a familiar place and it made people think the sort of themes discussed in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde could be happening around or near them. Darwin’s ideas about evolution and how human beings descended from apes changed Victorian beliefs. His ideas about people being evolved from apes’ suggest that animalistic urges and desires might be present in all men. Victorians tended to see crime as being carried out by the poor, who they thought of as being more ‘brutish’ or animal like. Hyde is described as ‘ape like’ but he is the other side of Jekyll, so Stevenson is saying all men are capable of brutish behaviour, regardless of their class. He is also described like this because of the brutal behaviour he shows during the Carew murder case. This suggests that Hyde is less evolved than other human beings. The reader learns however that Hyde is also Jekyll; this makes the reader think that anyone is capable of ‘ape like’ behaviour. Another theme that is discussed in the novel involves people leading a double life. The idea of a double life, like the one Jekyll leads, would have appealed to Victorian readers because of the familiar background the novel was set in. Also Victorian codes of behaviour and social rules were strict and repressive, so people liked the idea of breaking out of this. In this novel the setting is important because it creates a sense of uncertainty and creates atmosphere because of the novel being set in dark and fog for most of it. Stevenson created a genre called urban gothic, this is because he set the novel in a familiar place and also at the time he wrote the book. He created a modern urban setting in order to engage his readers which mean they feel all the emotions more intensely because they can imagine it happening to them. The idea of the double life in the novel not only is of interest to Victorians but also to modern day readers because of the familiar setting. The phrase ‘Jekyll and Hyde’ personality is used today when someone shows two very different sides of their personality because the book is about Dr Jekyll who leads a double life as Mr Hyde. So by saying a ‘Jekyll and Hyde’ personality it is like saying a ‘split personality’. We can see many of the ideas that are in the novel in our present times for example leading a double life and this suggests that the ideas behind the novel are still as relevant today as they were in Victorian times.

Benefits Of An Effective Protection Measure Essential For...

Every business from small to big, the information security has become a risk factor which has put all business on the verse of serious risk. In this paper, we will be more focused on general explanations of the business need for information security, confidentiality, integrity, availability, non-repudiation, authentication, and authorization. This policy, which is listed on paper, can be mitigating denial of service (DOS), which can lead several losses in small business. Finally, costs and benefits of an effective protection measure essential for small business is also provided in this paper. A business trend has been changing and adapting new technology to enhance the success of business as a result of which public information are always at high risk. According to the NIST video, there are some 26 million small businesses which are prone to the dangers of cyber crime. The private personal information (PPI) such as electronic commerce, social security number, account number, User Ids, Payroll, Internet Transactions, passport number, employee databases home address, credit card, etc. are at risk due to digitization. The information security should meet many purposes such as protecting people information, unauthorized access, disclosure, and any kind of modification. Moreover, information security also provides the company consensus baseline stance on security; help minimize risk; and help track compliance with regulations and legislation (Diver, 2006). According toShow MoreRelatedAn Over View of the Affordable Care Act1319 Words   |  5 Pagesfor the US Act (Emanue l, History of Health Reform and ACA Overview 27). Affordable Care Act Health care reform legislation known as The Patient Protection and Affordable care Act (ACA) was finally passed and signed into law by President Obama on March 23, 2010. 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Pip in Charles Dickens Great Expectations and Jem and...

Both Pip in Charles Dickens Great Expectations and Jem and Scout in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird have deep fears in early childhood. How do the authors create these fears and vulnerabilities? Charles Dickens Great Expectations and Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird are two very different books. Great Expectations tells the story of a young boy growing up in Kent at the beginning of the 19th century, and To Kill a Mocking Bird centres around two children growing up in America in the 1930s. However, despite the obvious differences in the infant characters and the cultures in which they live, all of the children have deep fears, and both authors use devices to give the reader an insight into what the child†¦show more content†¦There is a similarity in the characters of Pip, Jem and Scout is that none of them have the traditional maternal figure. Pip is brought up by hand, by his abusive sister as his mother is dead. The Finch children are brought up by their black domestic helper Calpurnia, who Scout describes as being made up of angles and possessing hands as wide as bed-slats but twice as hard. Dickens builds up much pathos around the way in which Pip behaves. He is incessantly polite, irrespective of the circumstances that he is in. For example when he is confronted by a convict in the churchyard, he constantly refers to him as Sir and when leaving says Goo-good night, Sir. Although Pip is stuttering and obviously inwardly terrified he continues to be polite. This adds great pathos to the story, but also adds a level of humour, for which Dickens is well known. There is also a pathos surrounding Jem and Scout. They are two small children growing up in a world that is difficult to understand, their mother is dead, and their family is hated by many sectors of the community. Atticus is attempting to bring them up as respectable members of the society, but the two children do not understand his aspirations for them. Jem and Scout act in a way in which they hope they will please Atticus, but also act as